Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory

Recent Trait Theory Research Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other. The Big five represents a catalog of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. Raymond Cattell used Allport and Odbert’s 4500 trait-descriptives in which he extracted 35 traits. After others continued to analyze these factors and found congruence with the ratings, that eventually became the Big five Factors of Personality. In order to fully understand the origin of these factors an outline for factor analysis must be explained. Factor analysis studies where conducted and the results where used in an analysis technique generally done with computers to determine meaningful relationships and patterns in behavioral data. Beginning with a large number of behavioral variables, the computer finds relationships or natural connections where variables are maximally correlated with one another and minimally correlated with other variables, and then it groups the data accordingly. After this process has been repeated many times a pattern of relationships or certain factors that capture the essence of all the data appears (Pervin copious amounts of different researchers that have done numerous tests and they all agree tha... Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory Recent Trait Theory Research Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other. The Big five represents a catalog of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. Raymond Cattell used Allport and Odbert’s 4500 trait-descriptives in which he extracted 35 traits. After others continued to analyze these factors and found congruence with the ratings, that eventually became the Big five Factors of Personality. In order to fully understand the origin of these factors an outline for factor analysis must be explained. Factor analysis studies where conducted and the results where used in an analysis technique generally done with computers to determine meaningful relationships and patterns in behavioral data. Beginning with a large number of behavioral variables, the computer finds relationships or natural connections where variables are maximally correlated with one another and minimally correlated with other variables, and then it groups the data accordingly. After this process has been repeated many times a pattern of relationships or certain factors that capture the essence of all the data appears (Pervin copious amounts of different researchers that have done numerous tests and they all agree tha...

Which States Require the SAT Complete List

Which States Require the SAT Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board offers a program calledSAT School Day, which, as the name suggests, allows schools to offer the SAT to students during the week, generally for free. In some states, all high school juniors are required to take the SAT under this program, while in others only some are. Read on to learn more about this program and what it means for you. Why Do Some States Require the SAT? When statewide testing started, Colorado and Illinoisdecided to partner with ACT, Inc., to use the ACT as theassessment for 11th graders.This plan was meant to eliminate an extra test for students who were already planning to apply to college whilealso encouraging those who weren't planning for college to consider it.Over the nextdecade and a half, the two states became 20, and the ACT replaced the SAT as the most popular college admissions test in the US. In 2010, the College Board introduced a similar program (calledSAT School Day) that was meant to increase access to the SAT for low-incomestudents. Although the program caught on in a few places (most notably Delaware),the SAT wasn't as widely accepted as an assessment test because it'sgenerally considered totest aptitude rather than knowledge.For the 2014-15 school year, only threestates offeredthe SAT free to all juniors, though certaindistricts orschools did so in a handful more. However,the redesigned SAT (released in 2016) seems to be shifting the momentum.One of the primary goals of the overhaul was to align the SAT with Common Core standards,making it far more appealing as an assessment test than the older version of the test. Which States Require the SAT? In total, 20states (plus Washington, DC) are contracted with the College Board to administer the SAT to some or all juniors for free. Let's go through the exact situation for each state, one at a time. (Note that these statements only apply to public school students.) Colorado As ofthe 2016-17 school year, all Colorado juniors in public schools will take the SAT. Connecticut As ofthe 2015-16 school year, all Connecticut juniors will take the SAT. Delaware In 2016, the SAT replaced Delaware's Smarter Assessment state test for 11th graders. District of Columbia Although it's not required, the SAT is offered for free to all juniors and seniors in Washington, DC. Idaho Each year, Idaho offers a free administration of the SAT, though it is not required. Illinois Beginning with the 2016-17 school year, all Illinois juniors must take the SAT. Maine Historically, Maine has required the SAT of all juniors, but in 2015the Department of Education made the testoptional (though still free). Michigan Michigan administered the SAT to juniors statewide for the first time in the 2015-16 school year. Previously, students were given the ACT. New Hampshire As of spring 2016, all New Hampshire juniors must take the SAT. Ohio To graduate high school in Ohio, students must meet threshold scores on the SAT or ACT. Oklahoma Students in Oklahoma must take either the SAT or ACT, with the choice of test being determined by each individual school district. Rhode Island Since the 2017-18 school year, all Rhode Island 11th graders must take the SAT. South Carolina Students in South Carolina must take either the SAT or ACT. Which test you take will be determined by your school district. Tennessee Students must take either the SAT or ACT. West Virginia All juniors must take the SAT unless taking the West Virginia Alternative Summer Assessment. Other States There are a number of other states where some schools or districts can administer the SAT to their students (either as an option or a requirement). These states include Arizona, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, and Texas. What Does Statewide Testing Mean for Your SATPrep? The SATisthe same whether you take it on a regular test date or on a state-administered date.Nonetheless, there are afew things to keep in mind if you're required to take the exam. #1: AFree Test Because the state foots the bill for its own administration of the exam,you won't have to pay any fees to take the SATon that date.This discount might or might not be important for you, but if it is, make sure to study for the statewide testing date.This free SAT also comes with four free score reports. There are other resources for low-income families as well. You might be eligible for twoSAT fee waivers, soyou'd be able to take the test a total of three times if you don't get the score you want the first time. #2: Free Study Materials The College Board has partnered with Khan Academy to providefree official SAT study materials to everyone(you'll just need to sign up for a free account). Be sure to do some practice with these materials if you're planning to take the SAT. In addition, your schoolmight have teachers includesome SAT prep in their classesor offer extra prep opportunities to students who want them. #3: No Effect on the Curve Contrary to popular belief,when you take the SAT will have no effect on your score. The SAT isn't really curved- at least not in the same way your math test in class might be curved. Instead, your raw score (the number of questions you get right) for each SAT section isequated into a scaled score (between 200 and 800) using a somewhat mysterious process based on the College Board's data and analysis.As a result,you're never directly measured against other students who take the same SAT as you. What's Next? If you're definitelyplanning to take the SAT,check outthis full breakdown of the test, learnhow to study for the SAT,andget tips on how to find the best official practice materials. If you're stillnot sure whether you want to take the SAT or not,try this quizto see if you might be better at the ACT instead! What states require the ACT? Check out our full list to learn whether you'll need to take the ACT. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Marketing - Saturn Corporation in 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Saturn Corporation in 1998 - Essay Example When Saturn looks for parts suppliers for future vehicles, the Marketing and Product Planning team looks for companies that have not only the technology for today, but also have the depth in resources that will enable them to grow in technology and support. Saturn needs these suppliers to be a contributing part of the project development team. To help ensure effective involvement, Saturn enters into long-term, sometimes even lifetime contracts with selected suppliers. (Lenz, 1999, p. 53) The Saturn Corporation had to be in complete contact with the GM, since the GM planned to launch the big cars and decided to have a shift from small to mid size cars, Saturn Corporation should have planned the similar and should have quit the idea of manufacturing the same old small cars. The reason that the strategy was not hard to implement is that the Saturn Corporation had previously been spotted number one in manufacturing small cars and because of that it had made some reputation and capital to cope well with the GM and this is exactly what GM had thought about the company. But it was not the part of the company’s mission statement and therefore the immediate job of the Saturn Corporation was to convince the GM that further launching of any such cars can make the market more competitive and already there are big leaders like Toyota and Honda performing well in the market, the scheme can be a flop. Whereas if the GM keeps on manufacturing such small sized cars which are having lesser costs and are already competing Toyota and Honda, the GM and Saturn could both be in greater profitability. Further, the Saturn Corporation could have stated to GM that the target audience should be the younger generation who is not capable of buying expensive cars and therefore would buy smaller cars already being manufactured, further more the traffic is increasing day by day and therefore the demand of small cars would be even higher in the future and thus the company should keep

A close reading of a specific and familiar space Essay

A close reading of a specific and familiar space - Essay Example The field is; thus, arranged in a manner that spectators are far from one another and the playing field is fenced to prevent players from leaving the field to interact with funs. The rules of the game forbid players from any direct interaction with the funs as they may cause incitement. Just like the spectators, the players also are supposed to put on different uniforms to create a distinction between them and ensure they do not confuse their opponents. The game also need there to be three to four referees where one is in control of the game and must move with the players checking for faults or any indiscipline cases that players may commit (Herbert, 2000). The field has several gates for entry by the players as well as spectators. Once inside the field, the fans sit on some slanting benches that allow them for full view of the game and subsequent cheering of their players and teams. Players on The space between the fans side and the soccer field is surrounded by yet another area, but this is meant for athletics and has several parallel lines that allow athletes to run without being blocked by their counterparts (FIFA Circular, 2012). The soccer field is marked to show the edge and within the field there are other markings that players are supposed to know its uses. For example, the two sides has goals posts with markings for the goalkeepers area where players committing any game offense within this region are punished by use of red card for discontinuation or yellow card for warning. The spectators region is always roofed to ensure they are protected from direct sunlight of rain while the players’ area is left open to ensure natural weather conditions prevails for the game and ensure uniformity. This prevents some complains where players may say a given team was favored as the whole players are exposed to same conditions (Herbert, 2000). This space (field) is a representation

Recruitment Strategy and Job Offer Process Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Strategy and Job Offer Process Essay Organizations such as education, business and engineering all use diverse recruitment techniques as their operations transform and the demand for employees vary, based on the direction in which the organization is headed. This paper will study in detail business establishments and how they use their recruitment strategy to fill job vacancies. In addition, the paper will select and/or suggest which would be the best recruitment strategy to achieve the goal of drawing qualified personnel from within this industry. Finally, this paper will detail the process to be used in offering a job to an applicant. The first phase of recruitment is deciding on the need for personnel to fill current or future job openings. In business establishments, it is essential for a company to recognize whether an open or targeted recruitment strategy is effective, and to understand which one will succeed in meeting the company’s requirements. If there is no urgency in finding suitable candidates for the position, then a better option would be an open recruitment policy (Mesmer, 1999). For instance, if a company has to fill more than 35 vacancies, the only real option for it is to choose an open recruitment policy. The open recruitment policy helps in attracting a number of applicants including an assorted group of people (Heinemann Judge, 2009). In this way, the organization can obtain pools of potential employees with differing standards of knowledge, skills, aptitudes other characteristics (KSAOs) from which they can select to fill vacancies. â€Å"If a business is required to recruit as many people as possible within a limited period, a sizeable applicant pool often supplies a company with a good number of personnel to fill vacancies† (â€Å"Recruiting practices,†1995). Hiring via newspaper, television, job fairs, radio and media channels will attract numerous candidates needed to fill several vacancies in businesses. The possibility of skimming a broad applicant pool reduces the company’s ability to appraise every application, resulting in triggering high future attrition rates (Soberg Bennington, 2009). Employing the open recruitment policy will not initiate a candidate pool with specific skills or experience levels as witnessed with the targeted recruitment policy. However, when organizational requirements demand specific skills, education, or experience levels, a business will adopt a targeted recruitment policy. Positive action also calls for a company to target a particular segment of the labor force like minority groups (Heneman Judge, 2006). After identifying a specific target, a business may take the help of a talent management team equipped to win over a predetermined sort of applicant (â€Å"CTS strengthens†, 2010). For instance, a company in need of a web designer may advertise available job positions online rather than via the radio or other media channels. With technological advances, the Internet is fast becoming a cost-effect means of hiring, with advertising targeted at specific group of candidates. For a company on the lookout for a certain type of applicant, the target recruitment policy is the best method to use. With the evolving of businesses, organizations should use ingenious recruitment strategies to surface from the conventional â€Å"talent pools† which as Kemsley states are approached with caution and suspicion for assistance (2009). Businesses are becoming very choosy in their hiring methods when recruiting in the present economic scenario. They are recruiting based on business requirements; for instance, an accounting firm which is considering future job vacancies, may approach local educational institutions and target college students who are enrolled currently as accounting majors. The accounting firm then can target specific sub-groups within that group by seeking students with a specific GPA grade point average, thus making certain that the company can hire new recruits with the requisite job qualifications. â€Å"In the same way, a business specializing in health care can adopt a recruitment strategy targeting personnel in the healthcare sector, thereby guaranteeing the solicitation of candidates with healthcare experience† (â€Å"Online health,† 2000). For some business establishments, limiting their options to a single recruitment strategy is bad. When a business does not have a recruitment deadline, the organization can gain from a good blend of open targeted recruitment policies. For most businesses, using an open recruitment policy enables the company to fill vacancies which are not key positions like support staff. When organizational needs demand a highly qualified, trained, or experienced person, then it’s advantageous to use t he target recruitment policy. The subsequent phase of recruitment after the interview selection process is the job offer. Developing and extending a job offer can either be a simple task or a risky endeavor. If the business demands that numerous vacancies should be filled without any delay, the employment offer process is quite simple and the company faces no real risks. With a sizeable applicant pool, a company can extend basic job offers with minimal emphasis on bonus payments or incentives. However, where a business needs specialized skills, the business should know what the competition is offering employees with similar skills set. The greater the demands a company places on applicant qualifications, the more specialized are the job qualifications and the greater the risk involved in the employment offer process. When trying to lure a competitor’s employee, the company should be willing to provide what best fits such an employee’s requirements with no promise of long-term gains for the organization. If the receiver is undecided about accepting the employment offer, the company should decide if it’s willing to significantly change the employment offer in such a way that the receiver cannot turn it down. Finalizing the employment offer demands seeing all aspects of incentives/benefits verbally offered are properly documented. Moreover, the business must make certain that the job offer is not in violation of any federal or state laws. In business industries, limiting recruiting options to a single strategy is not beneficial; however, if a business has no recruitment deadlines, it can benefit greatly from using a mix of open targeted recruitment policies. For most organizations, using an open recruitment policy enables them to fill job vacancies which are not key positions like support staff. Where an organization requires candidates with specialized skills or higher education or greater experience, then it’s profitable to use the target recruitment policy. Recognizing the differences in these two strategies enables a business to avail of the optimum recruitment strategy to meet the organizational requirements prevailing at that time. References CTS strengthen recruiting efforts with talent coordination teams. (2010, July 3). Health Wellness Resource Center Alternative Health Module. Kemsley, N. (2009). Employee-centric markets: A different direction. People and Strategy. New York: 2009. Vol. 32(3), p. 14. Heneman, G. H., Judge, A. T. (2006). Staffing Organizations (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Messmer, M. (1999, September). Developing a strategic staffing plan. National Public Accountant, 44(7), 20. Online health care recruiting company makes debut. (2000, July 3). The Enterprise, p. 7. Soberg, A., Bennington, A. (2009). Workforce planning: implications for healthcare in Canada and elsewhere. People and Strategy. New York: 2009, 32(3), 26. Recruiting practices changing. (1995, November). Physician Executive, 21(11), 4.

Philoaophy Of Law :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In comparing the issues surrounding the distribution and depiction of pornographic and racist materials, very few differences, if any, can be derived from the two. Besides the obvious differences in which one form appeals itself to the adult community and the other to the racist community, the two extremes, nonetheless, fall under a much broader category. They are both recognized and valid forms of speech, and as such are equally entitled to the same constitutional protection provided by the freedom of speech clause of the First Amendment as are various other legitimate forms of speech.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the situation provided before us, we are asked to determine whether an individual should possess the right to distribute racist films graphically depicting whites verbally abusing, beating, and urinating upon blacks. My immediate response to the question would undoubtedly argue that such morally offensive material should not be allowed constitutional protection. The mere mentioning of such a proposition strikes anger at the heart of moral conscience. But, my moral convictions are not, nor are anyone else’s for that matter, sufficient grounds to deny anyone their First Amendment right to freely engage in the distribution of such material if they so desire to do so. Moreover, the First Amendment clearly dictates that Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech. Thus, as a long established and highly empowered legal doctrine, it must ultimately be respected by the government to the fullest extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Amendment do es not state, nor does it imply, that only specific forms of speech which are morally just shall be free of governmental interference, while other forms believed to be offensive to social morality, such as pornography or racist films, shall not enjoy such a privilege. If that were to be the actual case, â€Å"freedom of speech,† which has long been revered by our nation as one of the fundamental liberties of American history, would further cease to exist. All that would have to be proven to restrict speech would be that the message being expressed contains the slightest mention of morally offensive content. Fortunately, however, the freedom of speech clause grants people the power to convey their opinions in the manner which they deem fit. Thus, if the owner of a video store chooses to sell videos in which African-Americans are repeatedly verbally and physically abused, then ultimately his right to do so must be respected.

The Concept of Omoiyari (Altruistic Sensitivity) in Japanese Relational Communication

Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara The Concept of Omoiyari (Altruistic Sensitivity) in Japanese Relational Communication Kazuya Hara, Meikai University, Japan Abstract It is essential to explore Japanese concepts in Japanese languages as intellectual tools for future studies in Asia. In order to develop Asian theories of communication, therefore, Asian communication scholars ought to engage in this important task.This paper presents such an attempt by conceptualizing the concept of omoiyari for a Japanese theory of relational communication. In social psychology, the Japanese concept of omoiyari has been examined in terms of altruism, sympathy, empathy, and prosocial behavior, and a variety of cognitive models of prosocial behavior arousal have been proposed. In the field of communication studies, however, the concept of omoiyari has not attracted much scholarly attention, although aspects of harmonius Japanese communication are well documented.By synthesizing the rel evant literature on omoiyari across disciplines, then, this paper formulates a definition of omoiyari for Japanese communication research, lays out its basic assumptions, and characterizes it in light of four major semantic areas of omoiyari: (1) prayer, (2) encouragement, (3) help, and (4) support. Introduction â€Å"Cast your bread upon the waters and it will return to you. † –a saying reflecting omoiyari When Japanese people feel another’s kindness toward them and see someone’s warm-hearted feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, they appreciate that person’s omoiyari.The primary meaning of omoiyari is â€Å"an individual’s sensitivity to imagine another’s feelings and personal affairs, including his or her circumstances† (Shinmura, 1991, p. 387, translated by Hara). Omoiyari has attracted non-Japanese scholars’ attention as one of the most important ideas in Japanese cultural value and communication (e. g. , Lebra, 1976; Travis, 1998; Wierzbicka, 1997). The word omoiyari is often seen on signs bearing a school motto and at police stations. In many surveys of public opinion, Japanese people have listed omoiyari as a key concept on which they put high value.Although omoiyari -based behavior and activity are seen across cultures, Japanese people are the ones who put the highest value on omoiyari all over the world (Kikuchi, 1988; Akanuma, 2004). This humane omoiyari concept has been emphasized in moral education at schools in Japan as the guiding principle to communicate with others (Ito, 1998a; 1998b). In educational psychology in Japan, the importance of omoiyari has been emphasized with its developmental views of children (e. g. , Kikuchi, 1988).Recent inhumane crimes such as ill-treatment bullying or indiscriminate murder on the street are caused by the lack of omoiyari, and the importance of omoiyari has undergone a reevaluation in terms of education in the schools (Kanno, 1988). Psychological asp ects of omoiyari such as empathy and sympathy have been studied, 24 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara and its behavior has been studied as prosocial behavior, altruistic behavior, and helping behavior in social psychology (e. . , Harada, 1991; Kikuchi, 1998; Matsui, 1991). Although the term â€Å"omoiyari behavior† is not generally used as a technical term in social psychology (Matsui, 1991), the titles of several studies on these concepts are comprehensively translated into Japanese using the word omoiyari (e. g. , Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989; Hoffman, 2001; Jones, 1993). Additionally, cultural psychologists Uchida and Kitayama (2001) developed a measurement scale of omoiyari from the viewpoint of sympathy.In the field of communication studies, although aspects of harmonious communication have been well-researched, only a few studies have focused on omoiyari as an important factor of Japanese harmonious communication. For example, Donahue (1998) argues that om oiyari is a psychological factor in Japanese indirect communication. In health communication, Kakai (2002) argues that Japanese prefer ambiguity or not disclosing of cancer to their family members. Behind such indirect communication and style is the psychological and cultural background of omoiyari.These studies refer to the study on Japanese empathy by anthropologist Lebra (1976) and her definition and observation of omoiyari. Although previous studies have contributed to pointing out the importance of omoiyari in Japanese mental culture and behavioral culture, there are three points to be further considered. First, many psychological studies based on Western concepts have not proposed clear conceptual definitions of omoiyari, so there is no consensus on its definition.Second, studies on omoiyari in other fields have only argued one aspect of omoiyari with its case contexts; we might be able to explore multi-aspects of omoiyari, taking various communication contexts and levels into consideration. Third, negative aspects of omoiyari have not been referred to adequately in previous studies on omoiyari. For example, there are cases when omoiyari toward others might not be appreciated or accepted by others. In order to develop future studies on omoiyari in Japanese communication, this paper attempts to concisely conceptualize Japanese omoiyari across disciplines.Additionally, the author believes that it is essential to explore Japanese concepts in Japanese languages as intellectual tools for future studies in Asia. In this paper, first, the author will review the relevant concepts in Western psychology which have been argued as omoiyari in Japan. Then, he will articulate Japanese omoiyari with its translation, definition, and major characteristics. Finally, using a diagram, he will propose four semantic areas of omoiyari, taking its communication levels and contexts into consideration.Omoiyari and Its Relevant Concepts The idea of omoiyari has been argued from th e standpoint of the concepts of altruism, sympathy, empathy and prosocial behavior. Although the causal developmental relationship among these concepts is controversial (e. g. , Eisenberg, 1986; Hoffman, 1982; Toi & Baston, 1982), each concept in itself has been regarded as one aspect of omoiyari in Japanese social psychology and communication studies. This means that these concepts are seen as elements of omoiyari, and conversely that omoiyari can be conceptualized with a combination of these concepts.The foundation of omoiyari feelings can be covered with the concept of altruism. Altruism is other-oriented and self-sacrificial (Kerbs, 1975). According to Cohen (1978), altruism refers to an act or desire to offer something gratuitously to others when needed. Cohen indicates that there are three components of altruism: (a) giving, or the desire to do so; (b) empathy; and (c) the absence of any motives of reward from doing the altruistic behavior. 25 Intercultural Communication Studi es XV: 1 2006 Hara Essentially, altruism lies in the motivation to help others and to aid others in their behavior.As this conceptual definition shows, altruism is the source that produces more concrete omoiyari feelings and behavior. Based on altruism, omoiyari seems to comprise both sympathy and empathy (e. g. , Kikuchi, 1991, 1998; Matsui, 1991). Sympathy refers to a concern for another person, agreement with and consideration for the feelings of others, or compassion (DeVito, 1986). It is generally conceived as a reaction to particular contexts such as the sadness or disappointment of others. Another view is that sympathy refers to a feeling for another person, while empathy refers to actually feeling as that person does (DeVito, 1986).Empathy in omoiyari is described in Bruneau’s (1995) definition as â€Å"‘feeling into’ another’s feelings with one’s own, vicariously, and attempting to achieve some I-thou congruence† (p. 87). Empathy imp lies understanding of others through imagining the situation of others (Travis, 1998). Psychological aspects of altruism, empathy, and sympathy are reflected in prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior generally refers to â€Å"voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals† (Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989, p. 3).Wispe (1972) suggests that prosocial behavior refers to behaviors that can be described as sympathetic, altruistic, charitable, and so on. Furthermore, prosocial behavior benefits others without anticipating external rewards, and is done under the conditions that it is done either for its own end, or as an act of restitution (Bar-Tal, 1976). Also, as Bar-Tal argues, prosocial behavior should not be carried out as a result of external threat, enforcement, or obligation, but should be due to an individual’s freedom to decide to act in a certain manner or not.Reviewing altruism, empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior in human communication, on the basis of altruism, people seem to have feelings of either empathy or sympathy at the stage of intrapersonal communication. Additionally, in the context of communication activities with others, when such feelings are seen in behavior, the behavior is regarded as prosocial behavior. As the findings in Uchida and Kitayama’s (2001) survey indicate, omoiyari as sympathy had a positive relationship with emotional empathy and prosocial behavior. The combination f these concepts seems to help conceptualize aspects of omoiyari. However, since each concept cannot individually cover omoiyari in a comprehensive sense, we need a conceptual definition of omoiyari before applying these concepts to aspects of omoiyari. The Concept of Japanese Omoiyari In Japanese communication, it is often seen that people say â€Å"show omoiyari toward others† when a person does not do so. The word omoiyari is directed toward anybody of the same generation and status, o r toward younger people with regard to both in-group and out-group members.To say â€Å"have omoiyari† to elderly people, on the other hand, sounds arrogant, although the person is thinking â€Å"omoiyari† in his or her mind. In such a situation, it seems appropriate to use the word â€Å"itawari†(caring consideration with respect) instead, even though the person has the word â€Å"omoiyari† in his or her mind. In this section, the author attempts to propose an expedient translation of omoiyari into English which is comprehensible to both Japanese and non-Japanese people. Then, the author will define omoiyari in Japanese communication.Translation of Omoiyari into English It is impossible to translate Japanese omoiyari into English with one word or phrase 26 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara which is comprehensible to both Japanese and non-Japanese people. Even words such as compassion, consideration, thoughtfulness, mercy, and benevolenc e cover only one aspect of Japanese omoiyari. There seem to be two reasons for this difficulty. First, there are different views of omoiyari across cultures.For example, Yamagishi (1995) argues that for Westerners, omoiyari is not â€Å"thoughtfulness† to others, which is occasionally perceived to be unnecessarily imposed by others depriving one’s own right to choose his/her own behavior. Easterners, on the other hand, believe that thoughtfulness-based omoiyari is essential to living a group-oriented life. Secondly, as Travis (1998) points out, English words such as â€Å"considerate† and â€Å"thoughtful,† which are related to omoiyari, do not involve the same kind of â€Å"intuitive† understanding. This intuitive way of communication is also cultivated as intuitive listening and empathic understanding inJapanese ways of communication (Barnland, 1975). As for a neutral and comprehensible translation term, Yamagishi (1995) points out that â€Å"se nsitivity† can represent the feelings of omoiyari that are common to Westerners and Easterners and which do not have the connotation of imposing one’s thought on others. Therefore, in this paper, the author uses his own tentative and expedient translation of omoiyari as â€Å"altruistic sensitivity† taking the definition of altruism, â€Å"concern for the happiness and welfare of other people rather than for your own † (Sinclair, 1987, p. 2) into consideration, regarding altruism as the psychological foundation to produce omoiyari-based feelings such as empathy or sympathy. Defining Omoiyari Omoi in omoiyari means considerate caring for others, while yari is the noun form of the verb yaru, which means sending something to others. Therefore, â€Å"omoiyari † literally means sending one’s altruistic feelings to others. The difference among omoiyari, empathy, and sympathy is that omoiyari implies intuitive understanding and includes behaving in that way (Shinmura, 1991; Travis, 1998; Uchida & Kitayama, 2001).Consideration toward others is not always received, and omoiyari does not expect any reward. If any reward is expected, it is not omoiyari but business-like helping behavior. One of the definitions of omoiyari which is frequently referred to is the one by cultural anthropologist Lebra (1976), which describes omoiyari as â€Å"the ability and willingness to feel what others are feeling, to vicariously experience the pleasure or pain that they are undergoing, and to help them satisfy their wishes†¦without being told verbally†(p. 38).Historical anthropologist Akanuma (2004) states that omoiyari is to guess others’ feelings and pay careful attention to their feelings, accepting what has happened (or will happen) to others as what has happened (or will happen) to myself. Social psychologist Ninomiya (1991) defines omoiyari as voluntary behavior for others’ benefit. The common assumptions underlying all these definitions are that omoiyari is voluntary and that people put high value on sharing feelings with others. As such, intuitive understanding is necessary.In this study, the author will define omoiyari as an intuitive understanding of others’ feelings that will occasionally lead us to conceive what to do or what not to do to others. Taking the conceptual issues of omoiyari into consideration, the author will further argue major characteristics of omoiyari in the following section. Major Characteristics of Omoiyari To have a sense of omoiyari and to behave with omoiyari are regarded as ideal communication in Japanese society. For example, according to a survey by the Ministry of 27 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 HaraEducation in Japan cited in the Yomiuri-shimbun (1994), elementary and junior high school teachers in Japan answered that they put the highest value on omoiyari in moral education. Additionally, in a survey on child-birth in Japan by the Yo miuri-shimbun (2005), 86. 7% of the parents expected their children to be a child with omoiyari. As these data show, to have omoiyari is essential in Japanese relational communication across contexts. In this section, the author will begin to argue major characteristics of omoiyari based on its psychological, behavioral aspects, along with the assumptions of omoiyari in previous studies.Then negative aspects of omoiyari will be briefly mentioned. Finally, four context-based semantic areas of omoiyari in human communication will be proposed. Psychological Aspects of Omoiyari Omoiyari has been considered altruistic feelings or emotional participation in others’ mindds (Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989; Kikuchi, 1988), and there are three characteristics which occasionally lead to actual prosocial behavior. The first is that omoiyari does not include the concept of â€Å"otherness† (Akanuma, 2004). This means that omoiyari means to understand the other’s feelings, not taki ng one’s self-concept into consideration (Otsuka, 1991).In this assumption, there is a Japanese interpersonal view that puts high value on oneness with others. For example, Hamaguchi (1985) argues that Japanese people think that since affectionate mutual aid is essential, people should read mutual true intention, and the relationship once established must be respected as valuable. Oneness with others gets reinforced through mutual omoiyari. The second is that omiyari is neither based on pity from superiority nor on mechanistic give-and-take relations (Otsuka, 1991).The motivation of omoiyari is voluntary, and does not expect gratitude from others (Kikuchi, 1991). If a person expects any reward when they help others, that is not omoiyari. Such a reward-expecting behavior will not be respected but rather despised, and is against the virtue of omoiyari. The third is that the value of omoiyari is evaluated based on purity of consideration of others. It goes without saying that th e purer the consideration is, the more appreciated it is. However, such pure consideration of others occasionally contradicts its behavior.A commonly cited example is that physicians and family members are reluctant to directly disclose terminal diagnoses to patients because of omoiyari (Kakai 2001; Paton & Wicks, 1996). Such communication, which might be regarded as deception, will not be criticized by others because they know the family’s true feelings. Behind this type of communication, there is an unspoken assumption that true and honest feelings will be understood by others even though one’s behavior contradicts his or her psychological feelings. Behavioral Aspects of Omoiyari Omoiyari in behavior has been studied as prosocial behavior in social psychology.Kikuchi (1998) provides four common characteristics of omoiyari based on its psychological assumptions. The first is that omoiyari as prosocial behavior includes the idea of an action which is helpful for others . However, this does not necessarily mean that the prosocial behavior will be willingly accepted by others. The second is that omoiyari as true prosocial behavior is not done with the expectation of a reward from others. This is not a matter of whether a person receives or rejects a reward, but rather the premise that the person had no desire to receive a reward in the first place.The third is that omoiyari-based prosocial behavior is accompanied by a kind of cost or risk of self-sacrifice. The final condition is that omoiyari as prosocial behavior 28 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara should be voluntary. This means that a person is not bound by any sense of duty to others, but is willing to behave prosocially as a choice. Japanese omoiyari behavior is uniquely seen in conflicting situations. For example, it is often stated that Japanese prefer to avoid conflict rather than to try to resolve it. In such a situation, the Japanese are inclined to use mbiguous or euph emistic expressions with their bokashi (ambiguous) logic (Nayayama, 1986), and to use honne (true intentions) and tatemae (public principles) properly (Doi, 1985) so as not to hurt others’ feelings. Such a linguistic feature can be described as â€Å"the language of omoiyari,† and it is listener-oriented (Ando, 1986). Even to enemies, they do not tend to deliver a fatal blow. Such communication styles are represented in proverbs such as teki ni shio wo okuru (to show humanity even to one’s enemy) or bushi no nasake (samurai-like mercy). Omoiyari, however, is not always performed desirably.In the following section, negative aspects of omoiyari will be mentioned with cases that are against its psychological and behavioral assumptions. Negative Aspects of Omoiyari Omoiyari does not always function as we hope. For example, overly imposing omoiyari on others might be a psychological burden or, even worse, an annoyance. This is called osekkai (meddlesome) and is the a ntithesis of empathetic understanding (Lebra, 1976). Especially when the elderly want to meddle in younger people’s affairs, the younger people cannot say â€Å"Please mind on your business. This type of omoiyari could be considered osekkai. In the worst case scenario, when omoiyari is not accepted by the receiver as the source expected, the source might blame the receiver in his or her mind. This is called sakaurami (to think ill of a person who meant to be kind). At the point when the source feels sakaurami, however, his or her kindness to others is no longer regarded as omoiyari. Four Context-Based Semantic Areas of Omoiyari in Human Communication As argued above, omoiyari consists of both affective aspects (altruism, sympathy, empathy) and a behavioral one (prosocial behavior).Using these concepts, the author will attempt to conceptualize four semantic areas of omoiyari. The following figure representing the four areas of omoiyari is based on intrapersonal communication (Areas A and B) and interactive level (Areas C & D). [See next page. ] The fundamental assumption is that Area A and Area B are at the level of intrapersonal communication and cover one’s cognitive and affective aspects. Area C covers the interaction stemming from Area A, and Area D covers the interaction stemming from Area B. Area A and Area C are based on sympathy, while Area B and Area D are based on empathy.Every feeling and behavior by a communicator is based on altruism and with intuition. Area A is the situation where a person is worrying abut someone’s undesirable situation and praying that it will be improved. The feeling is based on altruism and sympathy. In this context, examples such as praying for the recovery of another’s health or sympathizing with the struggle of others are included. In contrast, in Area B, the communicator has a feeling of encouragement in his or her mind, and the feeling is based on altruism and empathy.For example, praying for the success or health of others is included in this area. Area C and Area D cover people’s behavioral aspects in their relational communication and social activities. In these areas, verbal and nonverbal interaction is exchanged, and helping behavior is added when necessary. Area C, which stems from the psychological feelings of Area A, stands for prosocial behavior based on altruism and sympathy. 29 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara Communication activities such as helping behavior or volunteer activities are included in this area.Also, Area D, which stems from the psychological feelings of Area B, is based on altruism and empathy, and includes situations such as supporting other people’s success with one’s own will or participating in activities to share happiness with others. Prosocial Behavior Area C: Help Area D: Support Sympathy – – – – Area A: Prayer Intuition –––– Empathy Area B: Encouragement Altruism Figure 1. Four Context-Based Semantic Areas of Omoiyari in Human Communication Concluding Remarks The primary purpose of this essay was to onceptualize Japanese omoiyari (altruistic sensitivity) with its psychological and behavioral characteristics, and to propose four types of omoiyari (prayer, encouragement, help, and support) from the viewpoint of communication. Although the author was only able to review a portion of the previous literature on omoiyari, he hopes that the essence of omoiyari conceptualized in this paper will contribute to further studies of Japanese relational communication. Based on the conceptualization in this paper, the author expects future studies to be conducted in three areas.First, various communication styles in each of the four semantic areas of omoiyari (prayer, encouragement, help, and support) should be further examined and discussed. Secondly, the possibility of combining these four areas should be further examined using empi rical studies. Third, based on the emic studies on this type of concept all over the world, to seek commonalities of omoiyari views across cultures is strongly suggested. Based on these studies, derived-etic views of altruistic sensitivity are highly anticipated. References Akanuma, K. (2004). Nihonjin wa naze gambaru noka (Why do the Japanese make efforts to anything? . Tokyo: Daisan-shokan. Ando, S. (1986). Nihongo no ronri, eigo no ronri (The logic of Japanese language and the logic of English language). Tokyo: Taishukan. Barnlund, D. C. (1975). Public and private self in Japan and the United States: Communicative Styles of two cultures. Tokyo: Simul Press. Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosocial behavior: Thory and research. NY: Halsted Press. Bruneau, T. (1988). Conceptualizing and using empathy in intercultural contexts. Human Communication Studies,16,37-70. 30 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara Bruneau, T. (1995).Empathetic intercultural communication: State of the art and future potential. Intercultural Communication Studies, 8,1-24. Cohen, R. (1978). Altruism: Human, cultural, or what? In L. Wispe (Eds. ), Altruism, sympathy, and helping: Psychological and sociological principles (pp. 79-98). New York, NY. Academic press. DeVito, J. A. (1986). The communication handbook: A dictionary. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Doi, T. (1985). The anatomy of self: The individual versus society (M. A. Harbison. Trans. ). Tokyo: Kodansha International. Donahue, R. T. (1998). Japanese culture and communication: Critical cultural analysis.Lanham, MD. University of Press America. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic cognition, emotion, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Eisenberg, N. & Mussen, P. H. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge CB: Cambridge University Press. Eisenberg, N. & Mussen, P. H. (1989). Omoiyari kodo no hattatsu shinri (The roots of prosocial behavior in children) (A. Kikuchi. & N. Ninomiya Trans. ). Tokyo: Kaneko-shobo. H amaguchi, E. (1985). A contextual model of the Japanese: Toward a methodological innovation in Japanese studies. (S. Kumon & M. R. Creighton Trans. ).Journal of Japanese Studies, 11, (2), 289-321. Harada, J. (1991). Omoiyari no kozo (The anatomy of omoiyari). In Kikuchi, A. (Ed. ) Gendai no esupuri: Omoiyari no shinri, No. 291 (Current espirit: The psychology of omoiyari No. 291. (pp. 48-56). Tokyo: Shibundo. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed. ,) The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 218-231). New York: Academic Press. Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Kyokan to dotokusei no hattatsu shinrigaku: omoiyari toseigi tono kakawariaide (Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice) (Kikuchi, A. Ninomiya, K. Trans. ). Tokyo: Kawashima-shoten. Ito, K. (1998a). Omoiyari no kokoro wo hagukumu dotokujugyo: Shogakkou ni okeru togoteki puroguramu no tenkai (Moral education classes to develop omoiyari mind: The devel opment of programs at elementary schools). Tokyo: Meiji Tosho Shuppan. Ito, K. (1998b). Omoiyari no kokoro wo hagukumu dotokujugyo: Chugakko ni okeru togoteki puroguramu no tenkai ((Moral education classes to develop omoiyari mind: The development of programs at junior high schools). Tokyo: Meiji Tosho Shuppan. Jones, R. N. (1993).Omoiyari no ningenkankei sukiru (Human relationship skills: Training and self-help). (Aikawa, M. Trans. ). Tokyo: Seishin-shobo. Kakai, H. (2002). A double standard in bioethical reasoning for disclosure of advanced cancer diagnoses in Japan. Health Communication, 14, (3), 361-376. Kanno, J. (1988). Ijime to omoiyari: ijimekko no kokoro no yugami (Ill-treatment and omoiyari: The distorted mind of ill-treating children). Jidoshinri (Child Psychology), 42, (6), 25-32. Kerbs, D. (1975). Empathy, and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1134-1146. Kikuchi, A. 1988). Omoiyari no hattatsu shinri (Developmental psychology of omoiyari). Jido shinri (Child Psychology), 42, (6), 18-22. 31 Intercultural Communication Studies XV: 1 2006 Hara Kikuchi, A. (1991). Omoiyari wo kangaeru: Hito to hito tono kakawarigaku (Consideration of omoiyari: Science on the relationship between person and person). Kyoto: Tanko-sha. Kikuchi, A. (1998). Mata omoiyari wo kagaku suru (Another scientific argument on omoiyari). Tokyo: Kawashima-shoten. Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Matsui, Y. (1991).Omoiyari no kozo (The anatomy of omoiyari). In Kikuchi, A. (Ed. ) Gendai no esupuri: Omoiyari no shinri, No. 291 (Current espirit: The psychology of omoiyari No. 291. (pp. 27-37). Tokyo: Shibundo. Nakayama, O. (1986). Nihonjin no bokashi komyunikeshon ni taisuru rinsho shakaigakuteki kenkyu (A study of the Japanese communication from the viewpoint of socio-clinical psychology). Shakaishinrigaku Hyoron (Japanese Review of Social Psychology), 5, 12-25. Ninomiya, K. (1991). Kodomo no omoiyari, otonano omoiyari (Children’s omoiyari and adults’ omoiyari). In Kikuchi, A. (Ed. Gendai no esupuri: Omoiyari no shinri, No. 291. (Current espirit: The psychology of omoiyari No. 291). (pp. 38-47). Tokyo: Shibundo. Otsuka, S. (1991). Nihon no kokoro, Toyo no kokoro: Omoiyari no hikaku shisoshi kenkyu (Japanese mind and Oriental mind: The studies on comparative philosophical history of omoiyari) Tokyo: Keizai-oraisha. Paton, L. & Wicks, M. (1996). The growth of the hospice movement in Japan. The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 13, (4), 26-31. Shinmura, I. (1991). Kojien (4th ed). Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten. Sinclair, J. (Ed. ). (1987). Collins cobuild English language dictionary.London: HarperCollins. Toi, M. & Batson, C. D (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 281-292. Travis, C. (1998). Omoiyari as a core Japanese value: Japanese-style empathy? In A. Angeliki & T. Elzbieta ( Eds. ), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualization and expression (pp. 55-81). Berlin: Mouton de Gryyter. Uchida, Y. & Kitayama, S. (2001). Omoiyari shakudo no sakusei to datosei no kensho (Development and validation of a sympathy scale). The Journal of Psychology, 72, (4), 275-282. Wierzbicka, A. (1997).Understanding cultures through their key words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese. New York: Oxford University Press. Wispe, L. G. (1972). Positive forms of social behavior: An overview. Journal of Social Issues, 28, (3), 1-19. Yamagishi, K. (1995). Nichiei gengo bunka ronko (Aspects of Japanese-English languages and cultures). Tokyo: Kobian-shobo. Yomiuri shimbun (1994, May 27). Sofuto ni natta dotoku kyooku (Moral education in Japan became flexible). Tokyo: Yomiuri shinbun-sha. p. 30. Yomiuri shimbun. (2005, July 5). Data: Kazoku (Data: Family). Tokyo: Yomiuri-Shimbun-sha. p. 39. 32

Effects of News Media Essay

Throughout the years the use of the media has become such a huge part of life across the world. The media has taken over and had such a drastic effect on the American culture as a whole. Americans today look to the use of technology to learn information about any and everything. The old way of life is no more the digital age is rapidly evolving and growing, it is becoming such a huge part of the lives of all Americans and the information and news media plays a huge role in this evolution. When it comes to the role of information media, it is very useful for most Americans. Most Americans only watch television for entertainment purposes, therefor using the internet as a platform to release and provided information to the people is a positive thing. The use of information media definitely has a social responsibility because, just like any other form of media there are some boundaries that should not be crossed. I believe that the information media should be used for just that to inform the people and provide them with accurate reports and articles regarding the news. When individuals decide to create false news or report inaccurate stories it then becomes a debate of whether or not these individuals and or reporters have a responsibility to the people to be authentic in their work. It then becomes a matter of whether these information media platforms are socially responsible for what the public is being provided. The information media is used to connect the public to the world by displaying and reporting the happenings of the world, this should be done unbiasedly and all the information provided should be accurate and credible. So in a since the  information media has a few social responsibilities. The information and news media also can be very influential to the American culture. In the American culture people tend to look for clarity and verification from outside sources, this is where information and news media can be very influential to the opinion of people. When political parties are concerned we look to the news for information about these parties to give people clarity as to who may be the best candidate for the position. The news and information media plays such a huge role in the way that people form opinion of political parties. The role of the new is to inform the public about politics and provide background information about each party. What it is not meant to be used for is to be bias and put out information that could hurt the candidates. Although this is what should not be done it generally is done very often, political parties use information and news media to release information that could impact and influence the opinions of the people. The modern era of news and information media has transformed so many aspect of life. Electronic media and their convergence has transformed journalism and news consumption in such a drastic way. Due to the constant evolution of technology electronic media has become the way of doing everything. This has transformed the way of journalism and news consumption, because over the years consumers have gradually gravitated towards the internet for their information. The information provided on the internet is in much more detail then is it were to be written in a newspaper or broadcasted on a news channel. The way the internet is set up there is such a platform for reporters and journalist to include so many different elements into their writings or news reports that they would not be able to do if it weren’t for the internet. The way that the American culture is in this current time every aspect of life is somehow connected to the internet and the consumption of news and reports are no different. The way people consume the news on the internet is a completely different experience then it is watching the news. Some news channels even offer more in depth details about a story that way aired on television on their website. They also use the website to provide the citizens with news that did not make the airing of  the broadcast as well. When journalist and news reporters take advantage of the media they reach a broader audience because this is the age of the internet. The way we consume and take in news is constantly and rapidly changing with the growth of technology. References 2010. Media Culture: Mass Communication of the Digital Age

Explaining the Expository Essay

Explaining the Expository Essay What exactly is an expository essay? All you may know about it right now is that your teacher assigned you an expository essay and now you have to not only figure out what topic youre going to write about, but you also have to figure out what exactly it is and how it works. Its likely that the expository essay has been making students collectively groan since its invention, but were going to argue here that it doesnt have to be that way. The expository essay, while kind of a broadly interpreted kind of essay, is about digging up facts, making an argument, and possibly even discovering something new. When you are writing your essay, think of yourself as an archaeologist who is digging into the earth to learn more about its history, or as a 15th century explorer who is embarking out to find new land. With this blog post we hope to provide an explanation of the expository essay, how to best write it, and the general format that it follows- with plenty of examples along the way.What is t he expository essay?An expository essay is a way to research about topics and explore new ideas.The expository essay is a way for students to explore new ideas, research about topics, make a claim, and then provide evidence for backing up this claim that theyve made. The expository essay is ideally one that is based on unbiased facts from credible sources, and is a good way for students to practice organizing their thoughts in a structured way. An expository essay can be about just any topic- while of course adhering to the teachers instructions- and can even be a bit of fun if you let it. Your essay should consist of a thesis statement in your introduction, several body paragraphs that provide evidence to the claim you made in your thesis statement, and a conclusion that wraps up everything that youve discovered along the way.Now that youre getting familiar with the basics of the expository essay, lets take a look at what each section of the essay will look like in detail.What is a thesis statement?A good expository essay will consist of a strong thesis statement, which will go into the first paragraph of the essay (also known as the introduction). The thesis statement, as you may remember, makes an argument about your chosen topic and will typically guide the direction of the rest of your paper by making claims that you can talk about in the body. Your thesis statement will emerge as you do research on your topic, and not the other way around. A very common theme when researching for a paper is that students will go into their papers thinking one thing about their subject and then after doing some research will have a completely different conclusion.As we go along in this blog about essays we will be building our own essay for you to look to as an example. Our essay topic is about school start times.Well begin with our sample thesis statement:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, they could concentrate better, and improve their overall education performance.How do I research and write the body paragraphs?The body paragraphs of your expository essay are the meat of the paper. They are the part of the essay that backs up the claims that you made in your thesis statement, and are really the main attraction of the entire essay. When you are researching about your paper topic, most of the information that you find is going to end up being written about in the body paragraphs. And the introduction paragraph and the conclusion paragraph are mostly just a broad overview of what the body paragraphs have to say.Researching your paperSo what kinds of information should you look at when youre researching to write the meat of your paper? In this modern era of essay writing, the first step youll need to take is to do some online research. As we outlined earlier, though, its crucial for an expository essay to be thoroughly researched using unb iased and accurate resources. One thing that we all know about the Internet is that its filled with a lot of factual, useful information, but much of that is surrounded by false information that isnt verified by anyone or any entity. After all, anyone can make a website with copy- so you want to make sure that your research is giving you good information. So how do you know if its a good resource for you? Heres a good checklist to use as you research for your paper:Has the author signed his or her name to the piece? Though articles with unknown authors can sometimes be credible, for a general rule of thumb, its good to stick with articles or books that have been published by a notable journal, newspaper, or publishing company and that have an authors name attached to the work. You want to the know that the author wants to stick by their words and doesnt anonymously hide behind the Internet walls.Does the article have a date of publication? If the article youre looking at doesnt have a date of publication it may not be a credible source. A date can help you determine whether or not a sources work is still relevant.Does the website look well designed? Not every journal or newspaper has the budget for a beautifully designed website, but it should at the very least look professional. Does the website in question have a lot of pop up ads or a strange font? Does it just look off? Trust your gut instinct and look for another source if you see any of these flawed web designs.Is the writing poor? Does the writing read a little strange? Is the author not capitalizing things correctly or using bad language? You may be looking at a poor source. Credible sources typically will have an editor look at grammar and spelling before its published, so if youre seeing big mistakes then its likely that the rest of the information isnt accurate.Did you access the site through a simple Google search or did you go through your schools library site? Now, of course Google churns out som e credible material in a search. However, when you are researching for an academic paper its always best to start with your school librarys search portal for academic journals and verified articles. Ask a librarian or your teacher for more information about this if youre unsure how to begin.Writing your paperNow that we understand what good, solid research looks like, we can get to writing about it. After youve gathered all the information you need, youre going to need to organize it in a way that makes sense in your paper. Typically, expository essays are in the format of the traditional five-paragraph essay. Though your paper doesnt necessarily have to adhere to this structure (and you should definitely check with your teachers instructions before you begin), well stick with this format to explain how to make claims and support them.Remember that thesis statement that we made up? Were going to use that to guide our discussion throughout the body paragraphs.Here it is again, but th is time were going to dissect it:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that 1. students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, 2. they could concentrate better, and 3. improve their overall education performance.Based on our research, weve determined that schools should start later based on these three reasons. Now that we have these reasons pointed out, were going to structure our paper using them. Heres how that should look:Body Paragraph 1 (Point 1)Students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 2 (Point 2)Students could concentrate better if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 3 (Point 3)Students could improve their overall performance if middle schools and high schools started laterSupporting evidenceTransition sentenceThough this is a very basic st ructure of a short essay, it gives you a good idea of how to position your paper and can guide you as you write.How do I write my conclusion?The conclusion may seem like its the easiest part of the essay, but its just as critical to concentrate as much on the conclusion as you did with the thesis statement and the body paragraphs. Youre wrapping up your paper but you could also be providing a suggestion of future research, what your research didnt cover, and what we can gain by reading your essay.To write a good conclusion you must restate the main ideas that your essay touched on, summarize all the claims you made, and then tell the reader what we should be left with. Tell us if theres any room for further analysis and where we go from here.Proofread, proofread, and proofread some moreIts important to proofread your essay before you hand it in.No great novel or great work was ever constructed on the first draft. Even though it may tempting to start your essay the night before its d ue and crank it out really quickly, the real writing process is slow. It takes several drafts of something before it can look well thought out or sometimes even make sense. This is true whether youre a seasoned professional or youre a brand new writer.Take your time when youre writing. Really think about the words youre writing and the order in which you write them. When youre done with your first draft, youre most likely not really done with the paper. Take a few hours, or even a few days if you have the time, and dont look at it for a bit. Allow your brain and your eyes to take a break, and then come back to it with a fresh look.When you go in to write your second draft, look for mechanical errors like spelling and grammar (and no, spell check will not see everything!) and then look at the overall structure of your paper.Though it may seem silly, reading your paper out loud is one of the best ways to catch any glaring errors that your eyes may be skipping over. Read your paper out loud to your parents, a friend, or even a dog that is willing to listen.Once youve gone over it a few times, rearrange or fix whats needed. If youre not sure of how best to fix it, consider seeking the advice of a professional editor, a friend, or a teacher. The last thing your instructor wants is for you to sit alone and struggle with your writing. Dont be afraid to reach out for help when you need it.

Worst Cover Letter Advice Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter

Worst Cover Letter Advice Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter I came across an article in my travels, Season Your Cover Letter with a Great Quote, that recommended to job seekers that they use an inspiring quotation in their cover letter. In case any of you encounter the same cover letter advice, I want to warn you now NOT to follow it. I strongly discourage anyone from including a quotation in their cover letter, unless that quotation comes from you, a client or supervisor. Examples of Vapid Quotations in Cover Letters Setting an example is not the main means of influencing others; it is the only means. (Albert Einstein) The sample cover letter in the article above included the above quote and stated, You can count on me to live these inspiring words. I know the importance of influencing people for good and that is what I want to be known for. Id welcome the opportunity to meet with you in person so you can judge for yourself. My reaction: Barf. Some other suggested (and I believe empty) quotations from this article: Plan your work for today and every day, then work your plan. Norman Vincent Peale Real success is finding your lifework in the work that you love. David McCullough Success depends on your backbone, not your wishbone. Unknown Author The problem with using these borrowed words is that just because you like a quotation does not mean you will live up to it! In your cover letter, give inspiring examples of what you have done and then say you will live up to your own examples. Hard facts always speak louder than flowery language. When it’s Okay to Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter When I was a hiring manager I never received a cover letter containing a quotation, but if I had I would have mistrusted it immediately. Anyone can do a Google search for inspiring quotations. Not very many people truly meet the high standards set by those words, so I would caution you to avoid this type of quotation in your cover letter. The exception to this rule is if you have a quote that you wrote yourself, and that you can back up with examples. Also, it’s a great strategy to put some testimonials from other people in your cover letter – either at the top or in the margin. You can get creative with carefully chosen quotations like these. Another option is to use a tagline on both your resume and cover letter. For example, one of my clients says under her name, â€Å"Leading Teams to Performance When the Game is On the Line.† Isn’t that better than some quote by Benjamin Franklin? If you need help developing a cover letter that will help you get interviews, contact us for more information, or view our Resume and Cover Letter Writing Services.

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure Essay

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational structure related to the operation of Food and Beverage in the hotel lodging industry. Further, the relationship between organizational structure and process management will be analysed. According to Shock & Stefanelli (1999), hotel restaurants have traditionally been managed as a secondary function, the second largest source of revenue, with the main operation being provision of rooms with boarding amenities. A new focus on outsourcing leads to creative planning and strategic alliances with well-known restaurant brands. â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the organization’s â€Å"formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision making processes† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.309). When these elements of structure are properly aligned with each other and with necessary processes, the structure enables effective implementation of the organization’s strategies. Because of the diversity of services provided, the food and beverage department is subdivided into several units (Excerpt, 1999). The executive chef runs the food production or kitchen department, and is a very important person of authority in the organizational structure. Various culinary specialists responsible for different aspects of food preparation report to the executive chef. A separate department, headed by the assistant food and beverage director is responsible for the actual serving of food in the restaurants of large hotels. The food service section includes the individual restaurant and outlet managers, maitre d’ hotel, waiters, waitresses, and other help. Based on the special concerns and duties related to room service in large hotels and lodging facilities, a separate subunit is designated for the purpose. Similarly, separate departments may be responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages,